Difficult terrain

The country is located at the crossroads of Central, South, and Southwest Asia and is dominated by the Hindu Kush mountain range, which runs through the heart of the country. These mountains provide a formidable natural barrier to military forces, making it difficult to move troops and supplies and to carry out military operations. The high altitude and inhospitable environment of the mountains also mean that military forces are exposed to extreme weather conditions and are vulnerable to attack by local resistance groups.

In addition to the mountains, Afghanistan also has vast deserts, including the Dasht-e Margo and the Dasht-e Lut, which are sterile environments that can make it difficult for military forces to operate. The deserts are characterized by extreme heat and lack of water, and they can pose a significant challenge to any military force trying to operate in the area.

These geographical challenges have contributed to Afghanistan's resistance to foreign conquest throughout history. The country's rugged terrain has made it difficult for invading armies to maintain control and has forced them to withdraw or be defeated in battle.