Invented Writing, the Wheel, & the City

Writing emerged independently in various parts of the world, from China to Mesoamerica, but Mesopotamia is credited with being the first, having invented the cuneiform writing system prior to 3000 BCE. In addition, contrary to claims that it was invented in Central Asia, the wheel was invented in the region (about 3500 BCE). The world's oldest wheel, dated to around 3200 BCE (known as the Ljubljana Marshes Wheel), was discovered in Slovenia in 2002 CE, leading to the idea that the wheel was originated by Central Asians. However, the Mesopotamian wheel was first, as shown by its appearance in Mesopotamian art dating back to around 3200 BCE.

The city was one of Mesopotamia's most significant creations - for better or bad – in that the concept, which is so widespread now, had never existed before. During the Uruk Period, cities grew as tiny, flourishing agricultural villages drew individuals from adjacent regions who were possibly not doing as well. Mesopotamian towns offered residents protection from the elements, natural predators, and raiders, as well as new ways to make a living. They were initially a great help to the people in this regard. However, the dense population of cities, as well as their expansion, eventually drained the resources available to them.