Short-term Memory vs. Long-term Memory

Essay topic: Short-term Memory vs. Long-term Memory

Answer:

Short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM) are two components of the memory system, each playing distinct roles in the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. The comparison between short-term and long-term memory sheds light on their capacities, durations, and functions in cognitive processes.

Short-term memory is characterized by a limited capacity and a brief duration. It is responsible for holding a small amount of information for a short period, typically around 20 seconds. STM serves as a working memory system, allowing individuals to temporarily retain and manipulate information needed for immediate tasks. The capacity of STM is often described as seven, plus or minus two, items - a concept introduced by psychologist George A. Miller.

In contrast, long-term memory has a vast capacity and is capable of storing information over extended periods, potentially a lifetime. LTM involves the encoding of information from short-term memory into a more permanent storage system. It encompasses declarative memory (facts and events) and procedural memory (skills and habits). The transfer of information from STM to LTM involves processes like rehearsal, elaboration, and meaningful association.

The duration and capacity differences between STM and LTM are instrumental in understanding their functions. Short-term memory allows individuals to temporarily hold and process information needed for immediate tasks, while long-term memory ensures the retention of information for future use. For instance, remembering a phone number momentarily (in STM) versus recalling significant life events (in LTM) illustrates this distinction.

Processes like rehearsal and deep processing contribute to the transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory. The consolidation of memories in LTM involves structural and chemical changes in the brain, creating a more stable and enduring representation of information.

In conclusion, short-term memory and long-term memory serve complementary roles in the memory system. Short-term memory handles immediate processing tasks with limited duration and capacity, while long-term memory stores information over extended periods, facilitating the retention of knowledge and experiences. Together, these components form a dynamic and interconnected memory system crucial for cognitive functioning.